Biological Control of Red Palm Weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) By the Natural Enemies
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53555/bp.v2i7.131Keywords:
Red palm weevil,, Biological control,, Pest Control agent,, Natural enemyAbstract
The red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is a highly polyphagous and an important insect pest of several palms wherein the two main palm species concerned are Phoenix dactylifera and P. canariensis. Knowledge of both its natural enemies and defensive mechanisms against predators and microorganisms is important to develop methods for an integrated pest control. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to emphasize the need for urgent and strong prophylactic measures to avoid new catastrophes and or reinforcement of cooperative international research against this pest. The cause of high rate of spread of this pest is primarily through human’s intervention by transporting of infested young or adult date palm trees and offshoots from contaminated to uninfected areas. Biological control is the beneficial action of parasites, predators and pathogens in managing of pests and their damage. Biocontrol provided by living organisms collectively called as ‘natural enemies’, is especially important for reducing the numbers of palm weevil. Use of several potential biologicalagents and natural enemies such as parasitoids, predators, pathogens and vertebrates for biological control of palm weevil have been identified effective internationally. The treatments with natural enemies against weevil can reduce its populations both by mortality of the primarily infected weevils and through sublethal effects on reproduction and offspring of these adults and those in contact with them. However, among pathogens, the best results against palm weevillarvae and adults are given by various entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernema spp., Heterorhabditis spp.), and entomopathogenic fungi (Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae) under field conditions. But, this biotic control is often harder to recognize, less well understood and more difficult to manage. For better results, their use should be frequent and needs to be done under specific conditions that may significantly increase the rate of treatment. However, the conservation, augmentation and classical biological control are tactics for harnessing of natural enemies’ benefits against such a challenging pest of highly valuable trees.
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